Bitcoin
Bitcoin needs this OP code more than OP_CAT
Bitcoin’s blockchain technology has been hailed for its decentralized nature and robust security, making it a cornerstone in the digital asset space. While Bitcoin’s primary role as a cryptocurrency is well established, its potential as a decentralized timestamp server and global event sequencer opens new avenues for innovation.
As I often say when talking to developers, even though I once ran a development company and can code in several languages, I still consider myself an enthusiastic amateur and know ‘enough to be dangerous’. I welcome any constructive criticism of this opinion piece, which is based on my recent essay, ‘How Bitcoin can save the world.‘
OP_ZKP x OP_CAT
Before explaining why we should view Bitcoin as a global timestamp server and event sequencer, it is crucial to consider the advancements needed to enhance its functionality. To realize Bitcoin’s potential beyond “perfect money,“we need to overhaul Bitcoin or allow it to interact better with other layers. I don’t believe the first option is wise, but a small update may be all you need.
At BTC Prague, Charles Guillemet introduced introduced me to an idea I had never considered: introducing new opcodes (OP_CODES) dedicated to enabling zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) in Bitcoin. Currently, there are many debate about bringing back the OP_CAT opcode, which facilitates data concatenation. After my conversation with Charles, I believe this is less critical to the future of Bitcoin than an OP_CODE similar to proposed OP_ZKP.
The Bitcoin blockchain provides a reliable method for recording and verifying the sequence of events and timestamps of digital assets. In traditional systems, establishing the existence and integrity of data at a specific time depends on centralized authorities, which can be manipulated or compromised. Bitcoin’s decentralized nature and cryptographic security offer a robust alternative, ensuring tamper-proof records of data existence. This capability has profound implications for intellectual property protection, contract enforcement and supply chain transparency. The community needs to ensure that these updates do not compromise the fundamental principles of Bitcoin.
The current limitations of Bitcoin’s scalability and data storage capacity can be mitigated through Layer 2 solutions such as the Lightning Network, sidechains or meta-layers, as well as interoperability projects such as ICP Bitcoin Canisters. These solutions improve Bitcoin throughput by processing transactions off-chain and settling only final balances on the main blockchain. However, privacy concerns and full state verification remain a significant barrier. Bitcoin’s transparency is beneficial for verifiability, but problematic for applications that require confidentiality, such as medical records and financial transactions. Additionally, while it is currently possible to hash data in Bitcoin to validate data off-chain, it lacks the extended functionality that ZK rollups would bring, reducing the trust required of the meta layers.
Zero-Knowledge Proofs and Bitcoin
This is where zero-knowledge proofs and roll-ups come into play. ZKPs allow a party to prove the validity of a claim without revealing the underlying data, thereby ensuring privacy without sacrificing security. Integrating ZKPs into the Bitcoin protocol through dedicated OP_CODES such as OP_ZKP would enable private and verifiable transactions. This innovation is crucial for applications that require confidentiality and can significantly improve the utility and adoption of Bitcoin.
In contrast, the OP_CAT opcode, which allows you to concatenate data elements within Bitcoin’s scripting language, is less transformative. While OP_CAT can facilitate the verification of ZK proofs in Bitcoin, it does not directly address fundamental scalability and privacy challenges. The Bitcoin community has historically been cautious about adding new opcodes due to potential security risks. The reintroduction of OP_CAT, previously removed for security reasons, must be carefully weighed against the broader benefits of introducing opcodes that enable ZKP.
Recent proposals highlight the promise of ZKP integration. O ZeroSync The Association, for example, is developing tools to enable succinct ZK proofs in Bitcoin, potentially validating the state of the Bitcoin network without requiring users to download the entire blockchain. This development could speed up blockchain verification and increase network efficiency. Similarly, projects like Chainway and Kasar Labs are working on integrating ZK-Rollups with Bitcoin, which would bundle multiple transactions into a single proof, improving scalability and reducing costs. Furthermore, last year, Weiji made a proposal to OP_ZKP via a soft fork,
“This new OP_ZKP opcode will allow the Bitcoin network to authorize spending based on off-chain computation as long as acceptable proof is provided.
This will not only equip the Bitcoin script with Turing integrity, but also enable the construction of more flexible payment channels, stablecoins, decentralized exchanges, DeFi, etc. directly on the Bitcoin network, or even a layer 2.”
However, the complexity of implementing ZKPs on Bitcoin cannot be underestimated. Changes to the protocol and broad consensus within the community are needed. The generation and verification of ZKPs is computationally intensive, requiring optimization to ensure efficient use of the network. Furthermore, achieving widespread adoption of ZKPs and new OP_CODES will require convincing the conservative Bitcoin community of their benefits and security.
In conclusion, while the OP_CAT opcode offers some utility, the introduction of dedicated OP_CODES for zero-knowledge proofs is much more critical to the evolution of Bitcoin. ZKPs provide a way forward to improve privacy, scalability and functionality, making Bitcoin a more versatile and secure platform for many applications.
As the Bitcoin network continues to develop, the focus on ZKP integration will unlock new potential and solidify its role as a foundational technology in the digital economy. Therefore, the Bitcoin community should prioritize these advancements over the reintroduction of OP_CAT, ensuring that Bitcoin remains at the forefront of innovation in the blockchain space.
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Bitcoin
Grayscale Unveils Bitcoin Mini Trust ETF
Bitcoin Currency
Grayscale Investments The Bitcoin Mini Trust began trading on Wednesday with a 0.15% expense ratio, offering a lower-cost option for bitcoin exposure in the market.
The Mini Trust, which has the symbol BTC and trades on NYSE Arca, is structured as a spin-off of the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC). New shares will be distributed to existing GBTC shareholders with the fund contributing a portion of its bitcoin holdings to the new product. According to a company press releaseBTC’s S-1 registration statement became effective last week.
“The Grayscale team has believed in the transformative potential of Bitcoin since the initial launch of GBTC in 2013, and we are excited to launch the Grayscale Bitcoin Mini Trust to help further lower the barrier to entry for Bitcoin in an SEC-regulated investment vehicle,” said David LaValle, Senior Managing Director and Head of ETFs at Grayscale.
The Bitcoin Mini Trust’s debut comes amid growing interest in ETFs based on the current price of the two largest cryptocurrencies by market cap, bitcoin and ether. Spot bitcoin ETFs have generated nearly $18 billion in inflows since the first ones began trading on Jan. 11, though GBTC has lost nearly $19 billion in assets.
This fund differs from other funds because it is a conversion of an existing fund and has a 1.5% fee, the highest among spot bitcoin products that have received SEC approval this year.
Mini Bitcoin Trust Low Fee
On a Post X On Wednesday, Bloomberg senior ETF analyst Eric Balchunas noted the Bitcoin Mini Trust’s “lowest fee in the category…”
“[Important] to recognize how incredibly cheap 15bps is — about 10x cheaper than spot ETFs in other countries and other vehicles,” Balchunas wrote, adding that this pricing strategy reflects the competitive nature of the U.S. ETF market, which he referred to as the “ETF Terrordome.”
“This is what Terrordome does to fund [cost]. It reaches 1.5% [and] end in 0.15%, how to go from [a] country club to the jungle. But that’s why all the flows are here, investor paradise,” he noted.
Read more: Spot Bitcoin ETF Inflows Hit Daily High of Over $1 Billion
Bitcoin was recently trading at around $66,350, virtually flat since U.S. markets opened on Wednesday.
Grayscale also offers two spot Ethereum ETFs, the Grayscale Ethereum Trust (ETHE) and the Grayscale Ethereum (ETH) Mini Trustwhose performance is based on ETHE. ETHE outflows exceeded $1.8 billion in its first six days of trading, while ETH added more than $181 million in the same period, according to Farside. The remaining seven ETFs generated about $1.2 billion in inflows.
The story continues
Read more: Spot Ethereum ETFs Approved to Start Trading
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Bitcoin
Bitcoin (BTC) Price Drops Below $65K After FOMC as Middle East Tensions Rise
Cryptocurrencies fell sharply on Wednesday as rising geopolitical risks captivated investors’ attention following the conclusion of the Federal Reserve’s July meeting.
Bitcoin (BTC) fell to $64,500 from around $66,500, where it traded following Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell’s press conference and is down more than 2% in the past 24 hours. Major altcoins including ether (ETH)sunbathing (SUN)Avalanche AVAX (AVAX) and Cardano (ADA) also fell, while Ripple’s XRP saved some of its early gains today. The broad cryptocurrency market benchmark CoinDesk 20 Index was 0.8% lower than 24 hours ago.
The liquidation happened when the New York Times reported that Iran’s leaders have ordered retaliation against Israel over the killing of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, raising the risk of a wider conflict in the region.
Earlier today, the Fed left benchmark interest rates unchanged and gave little indication that a widely expected rate cut in September is a given. The Fed’s Powell said that while no decision has been made on a September cut, the “broad sense is that we are getting closer” to cutting rates.
While digital assets suffered losses, most traditional asset classes rose higher during the day. U.S. 10-year bond yields fell 10 basis points, while gold rose 1.5% to $2,450, slightly below its record highs, and WTI crude oil prices rose 5%. Stocks also rallied during the day, with the tech-heavy Nasdaq 100 index rebounding 3% and the S&P 500 closing the session 2.2% higher, led by 12% gains in chipmaker giant Nvidia (NVDA).
The different performances across asset classes could be due to traders’ positioning ahead of the Fed meeting, Zach Pandl, head of research at Grayscale, said in an emailed note.
“Equities may have been slightly underutilized after the recent dip, while bitcoin is coming off a strong period with solid inflows, while gold has recovered after a period of weakness,” he said.
“Overall, the combination of Fed rate cuts, bipartisan focus on cryptocurrency policy issues, and the prospect of a second Trump administration that could advocate for a weaker U.S. dollar should be viewed as very positive for bitcoin,” he concluded.
UPDATE (July 31, 2024, 21:30 UTC): Adds grayscale comments.
Bitcoin
Donald Trump’s Cryptocurrency Enthusiasm Is Just Another Scam
Former US President Donald Trump spoke at the Libertarian National Convention in May and lent his a strong support to crypto: “I will also stop Joe Biden’s crusade to crush crypto. … I will ensure that the future of crypto and the future of bitcoin is made in the US, not taken overseas. I will support the right to self-custody. To the 50 million crypto holders in the country, I say this: With your vote, I will keep Elizabeth Warren and her henchmen out of your bitcoin.”
Former US President Donald Trump spoke at the Libertarian National Convention in May and lent his a strong support to crypto: “I will also stop Joe Biden’s crusade to crush crypto. … I will ensure that the future of crypto and the future of bitcoin is made in the US, not taken overseas. I will support the right to self-custody. To the 50 million crypto holders in the country, I say this: With your vote, I will keep Elizabeth Warren and her henchmen out of your bitcoin.”
Trump continued to court the cryptocurrency industry in the months that followed; he he appeared at the Bitcoin 2024 Conference in Nashville this week, along with independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s parting words to Trump — “Have fun with your bitcoin, your cryptocurrency and whatever else you’re playing with” — were less than enthusiastic, but the industry itself remains packed with ardent Trump supporters.
This turnaround came as a surprise, given Trump’s previous strong opposition to cryptocurrency. When Facebook was floating its Libra cryptocurrency in 2019, Trump tweeted: “I am not a fan of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which are not money, and whose value is highly volatile and based on thin air.” Former national security adviser John Bolton’s White House memoir, The Room Where It Happened, quotes Trump as telling Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin: “Don’t be a trade negotiator. Go after Bitcoin.” [for fraud].” In 2021, Trump counted Fox Business that bitcoin “just looks like a scam. … I want the dollar to be the world’s currency.”
Why the change? There doesn’t seem to be any crypto votes. Trump’s “50 million” number comes from a poorly sampled push survey by cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase which claimed 52 million cryptocurrency users in the United States starting in February 2023. But one survey A survey conducted last October by the US Federal Reserve showed that only 7% of adults (about 18.3 million people) admitted to owning or using cryptocurrencies — down from 10% in 2022 and 12% in 2021. Many of these people are likely wallet owners who were left holding the bag after crypto plunged in 2022 — and are not necessarily new fans.
What Trump wants from the cryptocurrency industry is money. The cryptocurrency industry has already raised more than US$ 180 million to run in the 2024 US elections through his super PACs Fairshake, Defend American Jobs and Protect Progress.
Fairshake spent $10 million on taking Rep. Katie Porter in the primary battle for Dianne Feinstein’s California Senate seat by funding Porter’s pro-crypto rival Adam Schiff. This put $2 million to knock out Rep. Jamaal Bowman in the Democratic primary for New York’s 16th District in favor of pro-crypto George Latimer. In the Utah Senate Republican primary, Rep. John Curtis defeated Trent Staggs with the help of $4.7 million from Defend American Jobs. In Alabama’s House District 2, the majority of campaign expenses came from the cryptocurrency industry.
Fairshake is substantially financed by Coinbase, cryptocurrency issuer Ripple Labs, and Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, or a16z. Silicon Valley was awash in cryptocurrencies during the 2021 bubble, and a16z in particular continues to promote blockchain startups to this day — and still holds a huge amount of bubble crypto tokens that he wishes he could cash in on.
Many in Silicon Valley would like an authoritarian who they think will let them run wild with money — while bailing them out in tough times. Indeed, Trump promised Bitcoin 2024 participants that he hold all bitcoins that the United States acquires. (Never mind that it is usually acquired as the proceeds of crime.) Silicon Valley explicitly sees regulation of any kind as its greatest enemy. Three a16z manifestos — “Politics and the Future” It is “The Techno-Optimist Manifesto” and 2024 “The Small Tech Agenda—describe co-founders Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz’s demands for a technology-powered capitalism unhindered by regulation or social considerations. They name “experts,” “bureaucracy,” and “social responsibility” as their “enemies.” Their 2024 statement alleges that banks are unfairly cutting off startups from the banking system; these would be crypto companies funded by a16z.
Trump’s vice presidential pick, Senator J.D. Vance, is a former Silicon Valley venture capitalist. He was once employed by Peter Thiel, who bankrolled Vance’s successful 2022 Senate run; Vance has been described as a “Thiel creation”. He has increased support for the Trump ticket among his venture capital associates. Vance is a bitcoin holder and a frequent advocate of encryption. He recently released a draft bill to review how the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) control crypto assets. In 2023, he circulated a bill to prevent banks from cutting out cryptocurrency exchanges.
Minimal regulation has been tried before. It led to the wild exuberance of the 1920s, which ended with the Black Tuesday crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Regulators like the SEC were put in place during this era to protect investors and transform the securities market from a jungle into a well-tended garden, leading to many prosperous and stable decades that followed.
Crypto provides the opposite of a stable and functional system; it is a practical example of how a lack of regulation allows opportunists and scammers to cause large-scale disasters. The 2022 Crypto Crash repeated the 2008 financial crisis in miniature. FTX’s Sam Bankman-Fried was feted as a financial prodigy who would perform economic miracles if you just gave him carte blanche; he ended up stealing billions of dollars of customers’ money, destroying the lives of ordinary people, and is now in a prison cell.
U.S. regulators have long been concerned about the prospect of cryptocurrency contagion to the broader economy. Criminal money laundering is rampant in cryptocurrency; even the Trump administration has made rules in December 2020 to reduce the risk of money laundering from crypto. Meanwhile, the crypto industry has persistently tried to infiltrate systemically risky corners of the economy, such as pension funds.
Four U.S. banks collapsed during the 2023 banking crisis, the first since 2020. Two of them, Silvergate Bank and Signature Bank, were deeply embedded in the crypto world — Silvergate in particular appears to have collapsed directly from its heavy reliance on FTX and failed a few months after that. Silicon Valley Bank was not involved in crypto but collapsed due to a run on the bench due to panic among venture capital deposit holders, particularly Thiel’s Founders Fund.
Project 2025the Heritage Foundation mammoth conservative wish list The plan, which Trump and Vance have both endorsed and tried to distance themselves from at various times, emphasizes the importance of party loyalists, noting especially financial regulation. The plan recommends replacing as much of the federal bureaucracy as possible with loyalists and “trusted” career officials rather than nonpartisan “experts.” Vance defended in 2021 that Trump should “fire every mid-level bureaucrat, every civil servant in the administrative state” and “replace them with our people.” Loyalty will likely trump competence.
Crypto is barely mentioned directly in Project 2025 — suggesting it has little active support among the broader conservative coalition. But near the end of the manifesto is a plan to dismantle most U.S. financial regulations and investor protections put in place since the 1930s, suggesting the exemption the crypto industry seeks from current SEC and CFTC regulations.
Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, started as an ideological project to promote a strange variant of Murray Rothbard’s anarcho-capitalism and the Austrian gold-backed economy—the kind we abandoned to escape the Great Depression. Crypto quickly co-opted the “end of the Fed” and “establishment elites” conspiracy theories of the John Birch Society and Eustace Mullins. It’s a way for billionaire capitalists like Thiel, Andreessen and Elon Musk to claim they’re not part of the so-called elite.
If a second Trump administration were to limp along with financial regulators and allow cryptocurrencies to have free rein, it could help foster the collapse of the U.S. economy that bitcoin claimed to prevent. But Trump is more likely to be happy to take the crypto money and run.
Bitcoin
Trump’s Bitcoin (BTC) Reserve Plan Seen as Just a ‘Small Token Stash’
Donald Trump’s recent promise to create a “strategic national stockpile of Bitcoin” may not turn out to be as big a commitment as the hype surrounding the announcement makes it seem.
“Trump’s proposal is extremely modest,” said George Selgin, director emeritus of the Center for Monetary and Financial Alternatives at the Cato Institutea Washington-based public policy group. “It doesn’t have much economic implication.”
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