Regulation
Decoding Crypto Currency and Regulating Artificial Intelligence
Sarah Hammer discusses emerging policy issues surrounding advances in artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency.
In a discussion with The Regulatory Review, Sara Martelloan executive director at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and managing director of the Wharton Cypher Accelerator, offers his thoughts on new regulatory guidance for digital assets and artificial intelligence (AI).
New generative AI programs and the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies raise important regulatory questions for policymakers, especially in the wake of the FTX fraud and internal controversy at OpenAI. Hammer analyzes these emerging technologies and shares his perspective on their effective regulation for consumer protection.
Hammer argues that regulators should adopt new “crypto standards” to prevent investors from engaging in predatory digital currency practices. He recommends a three-pronged approach to improve consumer protection while maintaining industry innovation: a strong national regulatory system; communication and collaboration with regulatory bodies; and strong industry standards focused on interoperability. In the AI space, Hammer recommends institutions invest in data protection, properly training AI models, and treating customers fairly.
In addition to his current position at Wharton, Hammer serves on the board of trustees of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) at the United Nations and advisor to the World Economic ForumTHE Dubai International Financial Centreand the Central Bank Digital Currency Digital Dollar Project. Prior to assuming his current position at Wharton, Hammer served as Acting Secretary of the Department of Banking and Securities for Pennsylvania. Previously you were CEO of Center for Innovation in Finance and Senior Director of the Alternative Investments Program at Wharton. Additionally, Hammer served as Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions and Director of the Office of Financial Institutions Policy at the U.S. Department of the Treasury and held various leadership positions at Vanguard Group, PIMCO, J.P. Morgan Chase, BlackRock and Tudor Investments.
Regulatory Review is pleased to share the following interview with Sarah Hammer.
TRR: Your research focuses not only on the pillars of financial regulation, such as banking capital, liquidity and capital markets regulation, but also on emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital assets. What are these emerging technologies and what benefits could they offer the financial sector?
I have focused on understanding emerging technologies to the extent that they have a significant impact on the financial sector. I wrote one of the original articles on the blockchain ecosystem in 2018, but the space has evolved significantly since then. I became interested in blockchain technology, the “engine” that powers cryptocurrency, thanks to my experience as a derivatives trader and credit and fixed income portfolio manager. While working in this space, I have noticed the need to settle and settle financial transactions faster and more efficiently. It currently takes a day or two to settle trades, creating counterparty credit risk and systemic risk. Blockchain technology offers the potential to reduce the settlement period to minutes, reducing risks and significantly improving these processes. As a result, financial institutions are now leveraging blockchain in several ways. Similarly, generative artificial intelligence, the technology behind ChatGPT and other applications, has the potential to improve how we manage financial infrastructure and address cybersecurity. Digital assets are complex technologies, so there are many considerations, of course.
TRR: In your recent item on the regulation of digital assets, you advocate the implementation of centralized “cryptographic standards.” What key elements are needed for effective regulation of digital assets?
At a high level, three things are needed for a comprehensive approach to regulating digital assets. First, the industry needs strong national regulation with uncompromising consumer protection. Secondly, due to the inherently cross-border nature of digital assets, we recommend collaboration and communication with relevant international standard-setting bodies. Finally, we support the establishment of strong and responsible industry standards, with attention paid to important technological issues such as interoperability. Establishing industry standards, coupled with a regulatory mandate, would add strength and enforcement capacity.
In particular, the current consumer protection framework for digital assets is very complicated. Several federal financial regulatory agencies are involved, in addition to the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice, the Consumer Financial Protection Board, and state authorities. Due to the complexity of the topic, interagency regulation may be appropriate in some cases.
It is worth noting that we have taken a very thorough approach in our consumer protection recommendations. In the course of writing our article, we examined many of the major legislative proposals related to consumer protection for digital assets. From this, five key areas for consumer protection are derived and outlined. These five key areas include: requiring cryptocurrency issuers to act honestly, fairly and professionally and to prevent, manage and disclose conflicts of interest; establish and maintain information regarding rights, risks, reserves, refunds, recommitment, policies, fees and redemption processes; maintenance and dissemination of governance processes; clarify how customer assets will be treated in the event of insolvency; and provide transparency in the technology regarding changes to the source code of materials.
TRR: What challenges do you see regulators and legislators facing in implementing a centralized cryptocurrency scheme?
One of the challenges is the complexity of our national and global regulatory frameworks. Digital assets move across jurisdictions and therefore require global coordination. This is why I advocate a collaborative process. Another challenge is trying to understand the incredible pace at which technology is developing. I believe that, as politicians, we are obligated to remain at the forefront of innovation. Understanding technology and its rapid developments allows us to establish robust and strong regulatory frameworks, while supporting responsible innovation.
TRR: What are some potentially harmful uses of emerging cryptocurrency technology? How can policymakers address these uses?
Without a doubt, criminal activity in the cryptocurrency industry has been pervasive. Examples of this include allegations relating to the FTX fraud and bankruptcy, the collapse of the Terra Luna cryptocurrency, and the enforcement action against Binance for anti-money laundering and violations of our sanctions laws. Other examples of dangers include cybercrime such as theft, scams, or exploitation of security vulnerabilities. Such unacceptable activities have been, and must continue to be, addressed with fast, secure and powerful enforcement based on clear and comprehensive cryptographic regulations.
TRR: You serve on the Oversight Committee of the International Telecommunication Union at the United Nations, where AI for Good is based, and also lead the AI in Finance for AI for Good and expert workshops on generative artificial intelligence at the United Nations in Geneva. What are the potential AI regulation issues you are focusing on, and how should regulators address them?
In my observations At the AI for Good Summit in Geneva last July, I noted that AI holds great promise while posing unprecedented challenges. To name just a few, institutions must ensure that their interfaces are secure, that sensitive data is protected, that AI models are properly trained, and that customers are treated fairly and ethically. Furthermore, artificial intelligence is advancing at a tremendously accelerated pace. For AI in finance, I proposed a tripartite framework to accommodate the potential of AI while protecting society and maintaining financial stability. The framework I have proposed is based on national laws, international coordination and the definition of industry standards.
TRR: Are there any downsides to implementing regulation so early in the AI innovation lifecycle? Have you encountered alternatives to regulation that could avoid a potentially harmful dampening effect on the AI sector?
I believe that policymakers should be at the forefront of AI innovation developments. They should be informed about technological developments as they occur and continuously learn so as to shape public policies. There are some areas where strong regulation is immediately needed, for example to protect citizens from criminal activity. In other sectors, a more principled approach may be appropriate to protect society while promoting responsible innovation.
The Sunday Spotlight is a recurring feature of The Regulatory Review that periodically shares conversations with leaders and thinkers in the regulatory field and, in doing so, shines a light on important regulatory topics and ideas.
Regulation
Cryptocurrency Regulation in Slovenia 2024
Slovenia, a small but highly developed European country with a population of 2.1 million, boasts a rich industrial history that has contributed significantly to its robust economy. As the most economically developed Slavic nation, Slovenia has grown steadily since adopting the euro in 2007. Its openness to innovation has been a key factor in its success in the industrial sector, making it a favorite destination for cryptocurrency enthusiasts. Many believe that Slovenia is poised to become a powerful fintech hub in Europe. But does its current cryptocurrency regulatory framework support such aspirations?
Let’s explore Slovenia’s cryptocurrency regulations and see if they can push the country to the forefront of the cryptocurrency scene. My expectations are positive. What are yours? Before we answer, let’s dig deeper.
1. Cryptocurrency Regulation in Slovenia: An Overview
Slovenia is known for its pro-innovation stance, providing a supportive environment for emerging technologies such as blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Under the Payment Services and Systems Act, cryptocurrencies are classified as virtual assets rather than financial or monetary instruments.
Regulation of the cryptocurrency sector in Slovenia is decentralized. Different authorities manage different aspects of the ecosystem. For example, the Bank of Slovenia and the Securities Market Agency supervise cryptocurrency transactions to ensure compliance with financial laws, including anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing regulations. The Slovenian Act on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (ZPPDFT-2) incorporates the EU’s Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (5MLD) and aligns with the latest FATF recommendations. All virtual currency service providers must register with the Office of the Republic of Slovenia.
2. Cryptocurrency regulation in Slovenia: what’s new?
This year, there have been several noteworthy developments in the cryptocurrency sector in Slovenia:
July 25, 2024: Slovenia has issued a €30 million on-chain sovereign digital bond, the first of its kind in the EU, with a yield of 3.65%, maturing on 25 November 2024.
May 14, 2024: NiceHash has announced the first Slovenian Bitcoin-focused conference, NiceHashX, scheduled for November 8-9 in Maribor.
3. Explanation of the legal framework for cryptocurrency taxation in Slovenia
Slovenia’s cryptocurrency tax framework provides clear guidelines for both individuals and businesses. According to the Slovenian Tax Administration, tax treatment depends on the status of the trader and the nature of the transaction.
- Individuals: Income earned from cryptocurrencies through employment or ongoing business activities is subject to personal income tax. However, capital gains from trading or market fluctuations are exempt from taxation.
- Society: Capital gains from cryptocurrency activities are subject to a corporate income tax of 19%. Value added tax (VAT) generally applies at a rate of 22%, although cryptocurrency transactions considered as means of payment are exempt from VAT. Companies are not allowed to limit payment methods to cryptocurrencies only. Tokens issued during ICOs must comply with standard accounting rules and the Corporate Tax Act.
4. Cryptocurrency Mining in Slovenia: What You Should Know
Cryptocurrency mining is not restricted in Slovenia, but the income from mining is considered business income and is therefore taxable. This includes rewards from validating transactions and any additional income from mining operations. Both natural persons and legal entities must comply with Slovenian tax regulations.
5. Timeline of the evolution of cryptocurrency regulations in Slovenia
Here is a timeline highlighting the evolution of cryptocurrency regulations in Slovenia:
- 2013:The Slovenian Tax Administration has issued guidelines according to which income from cryptocurrency transactions should be taxed.
- 2017:The Slovenian Tax Administration has provided more detailed guidelines on cryptocurrency taxation, based on factors such as the trader’s status and the type of transaction.
- 2023The EU has adopted the Markets in Cryptocurrencies Regulation (MiCA), which establishes a uniform regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, their issuers and service providers across the EU.
Final note
Slovenia’s approach to the cryptocurrency industry is commendable, reflecting its optimistic view of the future of cryptocurrency. The country’s balanced regulatory framework supports cryptocurrency innovation while protecting user rights and preventing illegal activities. Recent developments demonstrate Slovenia’s commitment to continuously improving its regulatory environment. Slovenia’s cryptocurrency regulatory framework sets a positive example for other nations navigating the evolving cryptocurrency landscape.
Read also: Cryptocurrency Regulation in Hong Kong 2024
Regulation
A Blank Slate for Cryptocurrencies: Kamala Harris’ Regulatory Opportunity
Photo by The Dhage of Shubham ON Disinfect
As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, the need for clear regulation has never been greater.
Vice President Kamala Harris is now leading the charge on digital asset regulation in the United States, presenting a unique opportunity for a clean slate. This fresh start can foster innovation and protect consumers. It can also pave the way for widespread adoption across industries, including real estate agencies, healthcare providers, and online gambling platforms like these online casinos in the uk. According to experts at SafestCasinoSites, these platforms have advantages such as bonus offers, a wide selection of games, and various payment methods. Ultimately, all this increased adoption could push the cryptocurrency market forward.
With that in mind, let’s take a look at the current state of cryptocurrency regulation in the United States, which is a complex and confusing landscape. Multiple agencies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), have overlapping jurisdictions, creating a fragmented regulatory environment. This lack of clarity has hindered innovation, as companies are reluctant to invest in the United States, fearing regulatory repercussions. A cohesive and clear regulatory framework is urgently needed to unlock the full potential of cryptocurrencies in the United States.
While the US struggles to find its footing, other countries, such as Singapore and the UK, are actively embracing the cryptocurrency industry with clear and supportive regulatory frameworks. This has led to a brain drain, with companies opting to set up in more hospitable environments.
Vice President Kamala Harris has a unique opportunity to change this narrative and clean up the future. cryptocurrency regulation. By taking a comprehensive and inclusive approach, it can help create a framework that balances consumer protection with innovation and growth. The time has come for clear and effective regulation of cryptocurrencies in the United States.
Effective regulation of digital assets is essential to fostering a safe and innovative environment. Key principles guiding this regulation include clarity, innovation, global cooperation, consumer protection, and flexibility. Clear definitions and guidelines eliminate ambiguity, while encouraging experimentation and development to ensure progress. Collaboration with international partners establishes consistent standards, preventing regulatory arbitrage. Strong safeguards protect consumers from fraud and market abuse, and adaptability allows for evolution in response to emerging trends and technologies, striking a balance between innovation and protection.
The benefits of effective cryptocurrency regulation are many and far-reaching. By establishing clear guidelines, governments can attract investors and traditional users, spurring growth and adoption. This, in turn, can position countries like the United States as global leaders in financial technology and innovation. Strong protections will also increase consumer confidence in digital assets and related products, boosting economic activity.
A thriving cryptocurrency industry can significantly contribute to GDP and job creation, which has a positive impact on the overall economy. Furthermore, effective regulation has paved the way for the growth of many companies such as tech startups, online casinos, and pharmaceutical companies, proving that clear guidelines can unlock new opportunities without stifling innovation. This is a great example of how regulation can alleviate fears of regressive policies, even if Kamala Harris does not repeal the current progressive approach. By adopting effective regulation, governments can create fertile ground for the cryptocurrency industry to thrive, driving progress and prosperity.
Regulation
Think You Own Your Crypto? New UK Law Would Ensure It – DL News
- The UK Law Commission has developed a bill that will address a situation of legal uncertainty.
- The commission’s goal is to ensure that cryptocurrencies are legally treated as personal property.
UK law is not entirely clear whether cryptocurrencies can be considered personal property.
This is according to the UK Law Commission, which argues that while most investors assume that when they buy cryptocurrencies, they are “acquiring property rights in the same way as buying, say, a watch or a laptop.”
“As the law currently stands, this is not necessarily the case,” the respected legal body said in a new report on Tuesday.
The report was accompanied by a solution: a new bill to consolidate the legal status of digital assets as personal property.
This could be huge for the estimated 4.7 million Britons valued hold cryptocurrencies.
“This will allow the courts to determine a range of issues,” the report says.
If passed, the law would help clarify how cryptocurrencies are treated in cases of bankruptcy, estate planning or theft.
Flexible law
The commission is an independent body responsible for reviewing UK law. It began investigating whether English and Welsh property laws apply to digital assets in 2020.
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At the time, then-Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak expressed ambitions to transform the UK into a cryptocurrency hub as Britons invested more.
In 2023, the commission decided that, in most cases, the legislation of England and Wales is sufficiently flexible to regulate cryptocurrencies.
This means that any asset, from Bitcoin to non-fungible tokens and some types of digital contracts, can be considered personal property, without Parliament having to write extensive new laws.
There was one small area of uncertainty, however: it was unclear whether cryptocurrencies fell within the two categories of personal property recognised under UK law.
These two categories are made up of tangible assets (cars, laptops, bags) and intangible assets (contracts, stocks, and debt).
The bill that will now go to Parliament to be converted into law aims to remedy this situation.
Without that clarification, courts may try to lump cryptocurrencies together with intangible assets, said Adam Sanitt, head of litigation, knowledge, innovation and corporate support EMEA at law firm Norton Rose Fulbright. DL News in March.
This is problematic because intangible assets are creations of the legal system, while cryptocurrencies are not.
“How the law treats digital assets, what rights you have over them, how you own them, how you transfer them to other people—that treatment is different, because digital assets don’t exist by virtue of the legal system, but independently of it,” Sanitt said.
The money in your bank account, for example, is a legal creation. The government could pass a law to cancel it.
However, if the UK passed a law banning Bitcoin, Bitcoin would not cease to exist.
Sanitt said: “That’s why digital assets are so important: neither the government nor the legal system can take them away from you.”
Contact the author at joanna@dlnews.com.
Regulation
The Solution the Cryptocurrency Industry Needs
The cryptocurrency industry has performed remarkably well since its inception, but now faces a critical hurdle that requires careful consideration and regulatory expertise to overcome. Despite the industry’s rapid growth and rate of global adoption, the gap between the industry and global regulation is only widening as new innovations break through into the public domain.
Although efforts are being made on both sides, regulators’ lack of familiarity with cryptocurrencies and the industry’s lack of regulatory expertise are hindering innovation in the sector. To address this issue, traditional financial institutions (TradFi) such as MultiBank Group have started venturing into the cryptocurrency sector.
The regulatory gap
Over the past decade, the cryptocurrency industry has grown dramatically as tech entrepreneurs and forward-thinking thinkers have founded a plethora of crypto platforms and protocols to push the boundaries of the space. The problem faced by these newcomers, who are often unfamiliar with the hurdles posed by financial regulators, can quickly overwhelm and stall operations.
On the other hand, regulators more attuned to TradFi systems may be equally stifled by the complexities of decentralization and blockchain technology. The unfamiliarity experienced by both innovators and regulators creates a stark regulatory divide between both sides, leading to misunderstandings and potential conflicts.
To overcome this lack of communication, a bridge must be built to bridge the gap, ensuring future stability for the cryptocurrency industry and clearer legislation from regulators.
Efforts to bridge the gap between industry
The gap between the cryptocurrency industry and regulators is slowly narrowing as efforts to regulate cryptocurrencies and Web3 space activities are gaining momentum. Specific regulatory actions are taking place in many countries, aimed at providing greater oversight of cryptocurrency transactions, cryptocurrency exchanges, and initial coin offerings (ICOs).
Despite being a positive step in the right direction, these new regulations can differ significantly between jurisdictions around the world. This fragmentation results in a regulatory environment filled with obstacles, bottlenecks, and varying requirements and prohibitions. As cryptocurrency companies and TradFi institutions attempt to navigate the minefield, the regulatory maze becomes increasingly convoluted.
TradFi institutions like MultiBank Group are working to solve this problem, as one of the largest financial derivatives institutions in the world with over 12 licenses across all continents. Founded in 2005, the Group has an impeccable and trustworthy reputation globally, extensive expertise in financial regulation and has now ventured into the cryptocurrency space via MultiBank.io.
MultiBank.io: TradFi Excellence in the Crypto Space
Expanding into the cryptocurrency space via MultiBank.io has enabled MultiBank Group to provide regulatory clarity and trust to the digital asset industry. With a substantial daily trading volume of $12.1 billion, the timely decision to enter the cryptocurrency space has the potential to set regulatory precedents and standards for years to come.
By helping to develop sensible and well-considered regulations, MultiBank.io’s established reputation allows the company to communicate effectively and clearly with regulators. Unlike others in the industry without regulatory expertise, MultiBank.io facilitates the Group’s commitment to rigorous regulatory standards, the scope of oversight and establishes the necessary transparency.
The company’s approach ensures that regulatory licenses are pre-acquired, compliance is met globally without jurisdictional barriers, and transactions remain secure at all times. By helping to create robust regulations that are both clear and innovation-friendly, MultiBank Group looks forward to standardizing the entire cryptocurrency industry for other potential innovators.
One of the biggest challenges in establishing a clearly constructed bridge between regulators and the cryptocurrency industry is effective communication. By leveraging its institutional background TradFi and acting as an intermediary with regulators, MultiBank Group is able to translate the needs of the industry to those who shape it.
This quality of mediation is essential to ensure that regulation helps develop essential technological advances rather than hinders their establishment and growth. Through the lens of TradFi when looking at the complexity of the cryptocurrency industry, MultiBank Group is able to deconstruct unfamiliar crypto arguments for regulation and create a safer and more secure space.
Where TradFi and Crypto Meet
Regulations are crucial for traders, investors, and everyday users of crypto platforms and their safety when participating in crypto markets. While strict regulations are necessary for stable market integrity, innovation should still be considered, something MultiBank Group considers a priority.
Where TradFi and cryptocurrencies converge, the Group is there to provide a balanced approach to ensure promotion for both the cryptocurrency industry and regulators seeking to protect both retail and institutional investors. This balance is critical to maintaining a thriving space where cryptocurrency innovation can thrive without compromising the security of user funds or data.
As more TradFi institutions like MultiBank Group enter the cryptocurrency space with ever-expanding expertise in regulatory understanding, the future of the industry is increasingly encouraged. The financial freedoms of the cryptocurrency space coupled with regulatory oversight for financial security will be the guiding lights for the future success of the entire cryptocurrency industry.
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